AP Biology In a Nutshell
1. Water
A Summary of Water and the Importance of Hydrogen Bonds, pH
2. Macromolecules
3. Cell Organelles, Membranes, and Transport
A Summary of Cell Organelles and Their Functions, Endosymbiosis Hypothesis, The Advantages of Compartmentalization, The Importance of Surface Area to Volume Ratios, Plasma Membrane Structure, Selective Permeability, Types of Transport Across Membranes, Bulk Transport (Vesicular Transport), Water Potential and Osmoregulation
4. Movement of Water in Cells
A Summary of Water Potential, Water Potential Components, Solute Potential (Ψs), Pressure Potential (Ψp), Water Movement and Examples, Osmolarity, Homeostasis and Osmoregulation, Cell Responses to Tonicity, Applications
5. Enzymes
A Summary of Enzyme Structure and Function, Environmental Factors Affecting Enzymes, Inhibitors, Cofactors and Coenzymes, Activation Energy, Metabolism and Energy Coupling, ATP and the Phosphorylation Cycle, Enzyme Evolution and Specificity
6. Photosynthesis
A Summary of Overview of Photosynthesis, Chloroplast Structure, Light-Dependent Reactions, Photosystems and Chlorophyll, Electron Flow and Photolysis, ATP and Chemiosmosis, Production of NADPH, The Calvin Cycle, Adaptations in Photosynthesis
7. Cellular Respiration
A Summary of Overview, Glycolysis, Oxidation of Pyruvate, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthase, Total ATP Yield, Fermentation, Other Fuels for Respiration
8. Cell Communication and Signaling
A Summary of Types of Cell Signaling, Signal Transduction, Three Stages of Signal Transduction, Disruptions in Signal Transduction, Feedback Mechanisms
9. The Cell Cycle
A Summary of Overview, Phases of the Cell Cycle, Interphase, Mitosis (M phase), Cytokinesis, G0 Phase, Regulation of the Cell Cycle, Growth Factors, Cancer and Uncontrolled Cell Growth, Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death)
10. Meiosis and Genetic Diversity
A Summary of How Meiosis Works, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, Meiosis vs. Mitosis, How Meiosis Creates Genetic Diversity, Recombination (Crossing Over), Independent Assortment, Random Fertilization, Nondisjunction
11. Mendelian Genetics and Probability
A Summary of Mendelian Genetics Overview, Linked Genes, Pedigree Analysis, Key Genetic Terms, Monohybrid Crosses, Dihybrid Crosses, Test Cross, Probability Rules, Extensions to Mendelian Genetics
12. Non-Mendelian Genetics
A Summary of Linked Genes, Sex-Linked Genes, Multiple Gene Inheritance (Polygenic Inheritance), Nonnuclear Inheritance, Phenotype = Genotype + Environment
13. DNA, RNA, and DNA Replication
A Summary of DNA and RNA Structure, Genetic Information and Storage, DNA Replication Overview, Steps in DNA Replication, Leading vs. Lagging Strand
14. Transcription and Translation
A Summary of Transcription, RNA Processing in Eukaryotes, Translation, Flow of Genetic Information, Retroviruses and Reverse Transcriptase
15. Regulation and Mutations
A Summary of Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Epigenetic Regulation, Cell Specialization, Mutations, Chromosomal Changes, and Horizontal Gene Transfer
16. Biotechnology
A Summary of Bacterial Transformation, Gel Electrophoresis, PCR, and CRISPR-Cas9
17. Types of Selection
A Summary of Molecular and Morphological Evolutionary Evidence, Natural, Artificial, and Sexual Selection
18. Population Genetics
A Summary of Population Genetics and Genetic Drift, Bottleneck Effect, Founder Effect, Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, Using the Hardy-Weinberg Equation, When Populations Are Not in Hardy-Weinberg
19. Phylogeny, Speciation, and Extinction
A Summary of Phylogeny and Common Ancestry, Speciation and Extinction Events, Theories for the Origin of Life, Evidence for a Common Eukaryotic Ancestor, Speciation, Reproductive Isolation Mechanisms, Extinction and Biodiversity, Adaptive Radiation, Continued Evolution
20. The Basics of Ecology
A Summary of Organismal Responses to Environmental Change, Cooperative Behaviors, Energy Flow and Thermoregulation, Energy Balance and Ecosystem Impact, Trophic Levels and Energy Transfer, Autotrophs and Heterotrophs, Unique Energy Strategies, Energy Loss and Trophic Structure, Energy and Reproductive Strategies
21. Population Ecology, Community Ecology, and Biodiversity
A Summary of Population Growth, K-Selected vs. r-Selected Populations, Community Ecology and Simpson’s Diversity Index, Ecological Relationships, Invasive Species, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability, Keystone and Indicator Species, Disruptions to Ecosystems
22. Lab
A Summary of Core Science Practices, Artificial Selection, Hardy-Weinberg, BLAST, Diffusion and Osmosis, Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, Mitosis and Meiosis, Bacterial Transformation, Restriction Enzymes and Gel Electrophoresis, Energy Dynamics, Transpiration, Animal Behavior, Enzyme Activity