AP Biology In a Nutshell

1. Water

A Summary of Water and the Importance of Hydrogen Bonds, pH

2. Macromolecules

A Summary of Biological Macromolecules, Making and Breaking Macromolecules, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Protein Structure, Nucleic Acids, Structural Comparisons

3. Cell Organelles, Membranes, and Transport

A Summary of Cell Organelles and Their Functions, Endosymbiosis Hypothesis, The Advantages of Compartmentalization, The Importance of Surface Area to Volume Ratios, Plasma Membrane Structure, Selective Permeability, Types of Transport Across Membranes, Bulk Transport (Vesicular Transport), Water Potential and Osmoregulation

4. Movement of Water in Cells

Water Potential
Osmolarity and Its Regulation

5. Enzymes

Enzyme Structure and Function
Environmental Factors that Affect Enzyme Function
Activation Energy in Chemical Reactions
Energy and Metabolism / Coupled Reactions

6. Photosynthesis

Light-Dependent Reactions
Light-Independent Reactions (The Calvin Cycle)

7. Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis
Oxidation of Pyruvate
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Fermentation

8. Cell Communication and Signaling

Types of Cell Signaling
Signal Transduction
Disruptions in Signal Transduction Pathways
Feedback Mechanisms

9. The Cell Cycle

Phases of the Cell Cycle
Regulation of the Cell Cycle, Cancer, and Apoptosis

10. Meiosis and Genetic Diversity

How Meiosis Works
How Meiosis Generates Genetic Diversity

11. Mendelian Genetics and Probability

Mendelian Genetics
Probability in Genetics Problems

12. Non-Mendelian Genetics

Linked Genes
Multiple Gene Inheritance
Nonnuclear Inheritance
Phenotype = Genotype + Environment

13. DNA, RNA, and DNA Replication

Structure of DNA and RNA
DNA Replication

14. Transcription and Translation

Transcription in Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Translation
Flow of Information from the Nucleus to the Cell Membrane

15. Regulation and Mutations

Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
Gene Expression Helps Cells Specialize
Mutations

16. Biotechnology

Bacterial Transformation
Gel Electrophoresis
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
CRISPR-Cas9

17. Types of Selection

Evidence of Evolution
Natural Selection
Artificial Selection
Sexual Selection

18. Population Genetics

Population Genetics and Genetic Drift
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

19. Phylogeny, Speciation, and Extinction

Phylogeny and Common Ancestry
Speciation
Extinction
Modern-Day Examples of Continuing Evolution

20. The Basics of Ecology

How Organisms Respond to Changes in the Environment
Energy Flow Through Ecosystems

21. Population Ecology, Community Ecology, and Biodiversity

Population Ecology
K-Selected vs. r-Selected Populations
Community Ecology and Simpson’s Diversity Index
Biodiversity

22. Lab

Lab 1: Artificial Selection
Lab 2: Hardy-Weinberg
Lab 3: BLAST
Lab 4: Diffusion and Osmosis
Lab 5: Photosynthesis
Lab 6: Cellular Respiration
Lab 7: Mitosis and Meiosis
Lab 8: Bacterial Transformation
Lab 9: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA
Lab 10: Energy Dynamics
Lab 11: Transpiration
Lab 12: Fruit Fly Behavior
Lab 13: Enzyme Activity