AP Biology In a Nutshell

1. Water

A Summary of Water and the Importance of Hydrogen Bonds, pH

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

2. Macromolecules

A Summary of Biological Macromolecules, Making and Breaking Macromolecules, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Protein Structure, Nucleic Acids, Structural Comparisons

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

3. Cell Organelles, Membranes, and Transport

A summary of Cell Organelles, Membranes, and Transport: Cell Organelles and Their Functions, Endosymbiosis Hypothesis, The Advantages of Compartmentalization, The Importance of Surface Area to Volume Ratios, Plasma Membrane Structure, Selective Permeability, Types of Transport Across Membranes, Bulk Transport (Vesicular Transport), Water Potential and Osmoregulation

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

Practice Questions 3

4. Movement of Water in Cells

A Summary of Water Potential, Water Potential Components, Solute Potential (Ψs), Pressure Potential (Ψp), Water Movement and Examples, Osmolarity, Homeostasis and Osmoregulation, Cell Responses to Tonicity, Applications

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

Practice Questions 3

5. Enzymes

A Summary of Enzyme Structure and Function, Environmental Factors Affecting Enzymes, Inhibitors, Cofactors and Coenzymes, Activation Energy, Metabolism and Energy Coupling, ATP and the Phosphorylation Cycle, Enzyme Evolution and Specificity

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

Practice Questions 3

6. Photosynthesis

A Summary of Overview of Photosynthesis, Chloroplast Structure, Light-Dependent Reactions, Photosystems and Chlorophyll, Electron Flow and Photolysis, ATP and Chemiosmosis, Production of NADPH, The Calvin Cycle, Adaptations in Photosynthesis

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

Practice Questions 3

7. Cellular Respiration

A Summary of Overview, Glycolysis, Oxidation of Pyruvate, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthase, Total ATP Yield, Fermentation, Other Fuels for Respiration

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

Practice Questions 3

8. Cell Communication and Signaling

A Summary of Types of Cell Signaling, Signal Transduction, Three Stages of Signal Transduction, Disruptions in Signal Transduction, Feedback Mechanisms

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

Practice Questions 3

9. The Cell Cycle

A Summary of Overview, Phases of the Cell Cycle, Interphase, Mitosis (M phase), Cytokinesis, G0 Phase, Regulation of the Cell Cycle, Growth Factors, Cancer and Uncontrolled Cell Growth, Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death)

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

Practice Questions 3

10. Meiosis and Genetic Diversity

A Summary of How Meiosis Works, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, Meiosis vs. Mitosis, How Meiosis Creates Genetic Diversity, Recombination (Crossing Over), Independent Assortment, Random Fertilization, Nondisjunction

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

Practice Questions 3

11. Mendelian Genetics and Probability

A Summary of Mendelian Genetics Overview, Linked Genes, Pedigree Analysis, Key Genetic Terms, Monohybrid Crosses, Dihybrid Crosses, Test Cross, Probability Rules, Extensions to Mendelian Genetics

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

Practice Questions 3

12. Non-Mendelian Genetics

A Summary of Linked Genes, Sex-Linked Genes, Multiple Gene Inheritance (Polygenic Inheritance), Nonnuclear Inheritance, Phenotype = Genotype + Environment

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

Practice Questions 3

13. DNA, RNA, and DNA Replication

A Summary of DNA and RNA Structure, Genetic Information and Storage, DNA Replication Overview, Steps in DNA Replication, Leading vs. Lagging Strand

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

Practice Questions 3

14. Transcription and Translation

A Summary of Transcription, RNA Processing in Eukaryotes, Translation, Flow of Genetic Information, Retroviruses and Reverse Transcriptase

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

Practice Questions 3

15. Regulation and Mutations

A Summary of Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Epigenetic Regulation, Cell Specialization, Mutations, Chromosomal Changes, and Horizontal Gene Transfer

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

Practice Questions 3

16. Biotechnology

A Summary of Bacterial Transformation, Gel Electrophoresis, PCR, and CRISPR-Cas9

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

Practice Questions 3

17. Types of Selection

A Summary of Molecular and Morphological Evolutionary Evidence, Natural, Artificial, and Sexual Selection

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

Practice Questions 3

18. Population Genetics

A Summary of Population Genetics and Genetic Drift, Bottleneck Effect, Founder Effect, Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, Using the Hardy-Weinberg Equation, When Populations Are Not in Hardy-Weinberg

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

Practice Questions 3

19. Phylogeny, Speciation, and Extinction

A Summary of Phylogeny and Common Ancestry, Speciation and Extinction Events, Theories for the Origin of Life, Evidence for a Common Eukaryotic Ancestor, Speciation, Reproductive Isolation Mechanisms, Extinction and Biodiversity, Adaptive Radiation, Continued Evolution

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

Practice Questions 3

20. The Basics of Ecology

A Summary of Organismal Responses to Environmental Change, Cooperative Behaviors, Energy Flow and Thermoregulation, Energy Balance and Ecosystem Impact, Trophic Levels and Energy Transfer, Autotrophs and Heterotrophs, Unique Energy Strategies, Energy Loss and Trophic Structure, Energy and Reproductive Strategies

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

Practice Questions 3

21. Population Ecology, Community Ecology, and Biodiversity

A Summary of Population Growth, K-Selected vs. r-Selected Populations, Community Ecology and Simpson’s Diversity Index, Ecological Relationships, Invasive Species, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability, Keystone and Indicator Species, Disruptions to Ecosystems

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

Practice Questions 3

22. Lab

A Summary of Core Science Practices, Artificial Selection, Hardy-Weinberg, BLAST, Diffusion and Osmosis, Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, Mitosis and Meiosis, Bacterial Transformation, Restriction Enzymes and Gel Electrophoresis, Energy Dynamics, Transpiration, Animal Behavior, Enzyme Activity

Practice Questions 1

Practice Questions 2

Practice Questions 3