Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ✏ In a Nutshell

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry In a Nutshell

• I. Structure and Catalysis
  • 1. The Foundations of Biochemistry
    • 1.1 Cellular Foundations
    • 1.2 Chemical Foundations
    • 1.3 Physical Foundations
    • 1.4 Genetic Foundations
    • 1.5 Evolutionary Foundations
  • 2. Water, the Solvent of Life
    • 2.1 Weak Interactions in Aqueous Systems
    • 2.2 Ionization of Water, Weak Acids, and Weak Bases
    • 2.3 Buffering against pH Changes in Biological Systems
  • 3. Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
    • 3.1 Amino Acids
    • 3.2 Peptides and Proteins
    • 3.3 Working with Proteins
    • 3.4 The Structure of Proteins: Primary Structure
  • 4. The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins
    • 4.1 Overview of Protein Structure
    • 4.2 Protein Secondary Structure
    • 4.3 Protein Tertiary and Quaternary Structures
    • 4.4 Protein Denaturation and Folding
    • 4.5 Determination of Protein and Biomolecular Structures
  • 5. Protein Function
    • 5.1 Reversible Binding of a Protein to a Ligand: Oxygen-Binding Proteins
    • 5.2 Complementary Interactions between Proteins and Ligands: The Immune System and Immunoglobulins
    • 5.3 Protein Interactions Modulated by Chemical Energy: Actin, Myosin, and Molecular Motors
  • 6. Enzymes
    • 6.1 An Introduction to Enzymes
    • 6.2 How Enzymes Work
    • 6.3 Enzyme Kinetics as an Approach to Understanding Mechanism
    • 6.4 Examples of Enzymatic Reactions
    • 6.5 Regulatory Enzymes
  • 7. Carbohydrates and Glycobiology
    • 7.1 Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
    • 7.2 Polysaccharides
    • 7.3 Glycoconjugates: Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins, and Glycolipids
    • 7.4 Carbohydrates as Informational Molecules: The Sugar Code
    • 7.5 Working with Carbohydrates
  • 8. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
    • 8.1 Some Basic Definitions and Conventions
    • 8.2 Nucleic Acid Structure
    • 8.3 Nucleic Acid Chemistry
    • 8.4 Other Functions of Nucleotides
  • 9. DNA-Based Information Technologies
    • 9.1 Studying Genes and Their Products
    • 9.2 Exploring Protein Function on the Scale of Cells or Whole Organisms
    • 9.3 Genomics and the Human Story
  • 10. Lipids
    • 10.1 Storage Lipids
    • 10.2 Structural Lipids in Membranes
    • 10.3 Lipids as Signals, Cofactors, and Pigments
    • 10.4 Working with Lipids
  • 11. Biological Membranes and Transport
    • 11.1 The Composition and Architecture of Membranes
    • 11.2 Membrane Dynamics
    • 11.3 Solute Transport across Membranes
  • 12. Biochemical Signaling
    • 12.1 General Features of Signal Transduction
    • 12.2 G Protein–Coupled Receptors and Second Messengers
    • 12.3 GPCRs in Vision, Olfaction, and Gustation
    • 12.4 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
    • 12.5 Multivalent Adaptor Proteins and Membrane Rafts
    • 12.6 Gated Ion Channels
    • 12.7 Regulation of Transcription by Nuclear Hormone Receptors
    • 12.8 Regulation of the Cell Cycle by Protein Kinases
    • 12.9 Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, and Programmed Cell Death

• II. Bioenergetics and Metabolism
  • 13. Introduction to Metabolism
    • 13.1 Bioenergetics and Thermodynamics
    • 13.2 Chemical Logic and Common Biochemical Reactions
    • 13.3 Phosphoryl Group Transfers and ATP
    • 13.4 Biological Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
    • 13.5 Regulation of Metabolic Pathways
  • 14. Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
    • 14.1 Glycolysis
    • 14.2 Feeder Pathways for Glycolysis
    • 14.3 Fates of Pyruvate
    • 14.4 Gluconeogenesis
    • 14.5 Coordinated Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
    • 14.6 Pentose Phosphate Pathway of Glucose Oxidation
  • 15. The Metabolism of Glycogen in Animals
    • 15.1 The Structure and Function of Glycogen
    • 15.2 Breakdown and Synthesis of Glycogen
    • 15.3 Coordinated Regulation of Glycogen Breakdown and Synthesis
  • 16. The Citric Acid Cycle
    • 16.1 Production of Acetyl-CoA (Activated Acetate)
    • 16.2 Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
    • 16.3 The Hub of Intermediary Metabolism
    • 16.4 Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle
  • 17. Fatty Acid Catabolism
    • 17.1 Digestion, Mobilization, and Transport of Fats
    • 17.2 Oxidation of Fatty Acids
    • 17.3 Ketone Bodies
  • 18. Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea
    • 18.1 Metabolic Fates of Amino Groups
    • 18.2 Nitrogen Excretion and the Urea Cycle
    • 18.3 Pathways of Amino Acid Degradation
  • 19. Oxidative Phosphorylation
    • 19.1 The Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain
    • 19.2 ATP Synthesis
    • 19.3 Regulation of Oxidative Phosphorylation
    • 19.4 Mitochondria in Thermogenesis, Steroid Synthesis, and Apoptosis
    • 19.5 Mitochondrial Genes: Their Origin and the Effects of Mutations
  • 20. Photosynthesis and Carbohydrate Synthesis in Plants
    • 20.1 Light Absorption
    • 20.2 Photochemical Reaction Centers
    • 20.3 Evolution of a Universal Mechanism for ATP Synthesis
    • 20.4 CO₂-Assimilation Reactions
    • 20.5 Photorespiration and the C₄ and CAM Pathways
    • 20.6 Biosynthesis of Starch, Sucrose, and Cellulose
  • 21. Lipid Biosynthesis
    • 21.1 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids
    • 21.2 Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols
    • 21.3 Biosynthesis of Membrane Phospholipids
    • 21.4 Cholesterol, Steroids, and Isoprenoids: Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Transport
  • 22. Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules
    • 22.1 Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism
    • 22.2 Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
    • 22.3 Molecules Derived from Amino Acids
    • 22.4 Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides
  • 23. Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Mammalian Metabolism
    • 23.1 Hormone Structure and Action
    • 23.2 Tissue-Specific Metabolism
    • 23.3 Hormonal Regulation of Fuel Metabolism
    • 23.4 Obesity and the Regulation of Body Mass
    • 23.5 Diabetes Mellitus
• III. Information Pathways
  • 24. Genes and Chromosomes
    • 24.1 Chromosomal Elements
    • 24.2 DNA Supercoiling
    • 24.3 The Structure of Chromosomes
  • 25. DNA Metabolism
    • 25.1 DNA Replication
    • 25.2 DNA Repair
    • 25.3 DNA Recombination
  • 26. RNA Metabolism
    • 26.1 DNA-Dependent Synthesis of RNA
    • 26.2 RNA Processing
    • 26.3 RNA-Dependent Synthesis of RNA and DNA
    • 26.4 Catalytic RNAs and the RNA World Hypothesis
  • 27. Protein Metabolism
    • 27.1 The Genetic Code
    • 27.2 Protein Synthesis
    • 27.3 Protein Targeting and Degradation
  • 28. Regulation of Gene Expression
    • 28.1 The Proteins and RNAs of Gene Regulation
    • 28.2 Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria
    • 28.3 Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes