Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry In a Nutshell
- I. Structure and Catalysis
- 1. The Foundations of Biochemistry
- 1.1 Cellular Foundations
- 1.2 Chemical Foundations
- 1.3 Physical Foundations
- 1.4 Genetic Foundations
- 1.5 Evolutionary Foundations
- 2. Water, the Solvent of Life
- 2.1 Weak Interactions in Aqueous Systems
- 2.2 Ionization of Water, Weak Acids, and Weak Bases
- 2.3 Buffering against pH Changes in Biological Systems
- 3. Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
- 3.1 Amino Acids
- 3.2 Peptides and Proteins
- 3.3 Working with Proteins
- 3.4 The Structure of Proteins: Primary Structure
- 4. The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins
- 4.1 Overview of Protein Structure
- 4.2 Protein Secondary Structure
- 4.3 Protein Tertiary and Quaternary Structures
- 4.4 Protein Denaturation and Folding
- 4.5 Determination of Protein and Biomolecular Structures
- 5. Protein Function
- 5.1 Reversible Binding of a Protein to a Ligand: Oxygen-Binding Proteins
- 5.2 Complementary Interactions between Proteins and Ligands: The Immune System and Immunoglobulins
- 5.3 Protein Interactions Modulated by Chemical Energy: Actin, Myosin, and Molecular Motors
- 6. Enzymes
- 6.1 An Introduction to Enzymes
- 6.2 How Enzymes Work
- 6.3 Enzyme Kinetics as an Approach to Understanding Mechanism
- 6.4 Examples of Enzymatic Reactions
- 6.5 Regulatory Enzymes
- 7. Carbohydrates and Glycobiology
- 7.1 Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
- 7.2 Polysaccharides
- 7.3 Glycoconjugates: Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins, and Glycolipids
- 7.4 Carbohydrates as Informational Molecules: The Sugar Code
- 7.5 Working with Carbohydrates
- 8. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
- 8.1 Some Basic Definitions and Conventions
- 8.2 Nucleic Acid Structure
- 8.3 Nucleic Acid Chemistry
- 8.4 Other Functions of Nucleotides
- 9. DNA-Based Information Technologies
- 9.1 Studying Genes and Their Products
- 9.2 Exploring Protein Function on the Scale of Cells or Whole Organisms
- 9.3 Genomics and the Human Story
- 10. Lipids
- 10.1 Storage Lipids
- 10.2 Structural Lipids in Membranes
- 10.3 Lipids as Signals, Cofactors, and Pigments
- 10.4 Working with Lipids
- 11. Biological Membranes and Transport
- 11.1 The Composition and Architecture of Membranes
- 11.2 Membrane Dynamics
- 11.3 Solute Transport across Membranes
- 12. Biochemical Signaling
- 12.1 General Features of Signal Transduction
- 12.2 G Protein–Coupled Receptors and Second Messengers
- 12.3 GPCRs in Vision, Olfaction, and Gustation
- 12.4 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
- 12.5 Multivalent Adaptor Proteins and Membrane Rafts
- 12.6 Gated Ion Channels
- 12.7 Regulation of Transcription by Nuclear Hormone Receptors
- 12.8 Regulation of the Cell Cycle by Protein Kinases
- 12.9 Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, and Programmed Cell Death
- 1. The Foundations of Biochemistry
- II. Bioenergetics and Metabolism
- 13. Introduction to Metabolism
- 13.1 Bioenergetics and Thermodynamics
- 13.2 Chemical Logic and Common Biochemical Reactions
- 13.3 Phosphoryl Group Transfers and ATP
- 13.4 Biological Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- 13.5 Regulation of Metabolic Pathways
- 14. Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- 14.1 Glycolysis
- 14.2 Feeder Pathways for Glycolysis
- 14.3 Fates of Pyruvate
- 14.4 Gluconeogenesis
- 14.5 Coordinated Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
- 14.6 Pentose Phosphate Pathway of Glucose Oxidation
- 15. The Metabolism of Glycogen in Animals
- 15.1 The Structure and Function of Glycogen
- 15.2 Breakdown and Synthesis of Glycogen
- 15.3 Coordinated Regulation of Glycogen Breakdown and Synthesis
- 16. The Citric Acid Cycle
- 16.1 Production of Acetyl-CoA (Activated Acetate)
- 16.2 Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
- 16.3 The Hub of Intermediary Metabolism
- 16.4 Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle
- 17. Fatty Acid Catabolism
- 17.1 Digestion, Mobilization, and Transport of Fats
- 17.2 Oxidation of Fatty Acids
- 17.3 Ketone Bodies
- 18. Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea
- 18.1 Metabolic Fates of Amino Groups
- 18.2 Nitrogen Excretion and the Urea Cycle
- 18.3 Pathways of Amino Acid Degradation
- 19. Oxidative Phosphorylation
- 19.1 The Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain
- 19.2 ATP Synthesis
- 19.3 Regulation of Oxidative Phosphorylation
- 19.4 Mitochondria in Thermogenesis, Steroid Synthesis, and Apoptosis
- 19.5 Mitochondrial Genes: Their Origin and the Effects of Mutations
- 20. Photosynthesis and Carbohydrate Synthesis in Plants
- 20.1 Light Absorption
- 20.2 Photochemical Reaction Centers
- 20.3 Evolution of a Universal Mechanism for ATP Synthesis
- 20.4 CO2-Assimilation Reactions
- 20.5 Photorespiration and the C4 and CAM Pathways
- 20.6 Biosynthesis of Starch, Sucrose, and Cellulose
- 21. Lipid Biosynthesis
- 21.1 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids
- 21.2 Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols
- 21.3 Biosynthesis of Membrane Phospholipids
- 21.4 Cholesterol, Steroids, and Isoprenoids: Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Transport
- 22. Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules
- 22.1 Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism
- 22.2 Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
- 22.3 Molecules Derived from Amino Acids
- 22.4 Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides
- 23. Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Mammalian Metabolism
- 23.1 Hormone Structure and Action
- 23.2 Tissue-Specific Metabolism
- 23.3 Hormonal Regulation of Fuel Metabolism
- 23.4 Obesity and the Regulation of Body Mass
- 23.5 Diabetes Mellitus
- 13. Introduction to Metabolism
- III. Information Pathways
- 24. Genes and Chromosomes
- 24.1 Chromosomal Elements
- 24.2 DNA Supercoiling
- 24.3 The Structure of Chromosomes
- 25. DNA Metabolism
- 25.1 DNA Replication
- 25.2 DNA Repair
- 25.3 DNA Recombination
- 26. RNA Metabolism
- 26.1 DNA-Dependent Synthesis of RNA
- 26.2 RNA Processing
- 26.3 RNA-Dependent Synthesis of RNA and DNA
- 26.4 Catalytic RNAs and the RNA World Hypothesis
- 27. Protein Metabolism
- 27.1 The Genetic Code
- 27.2 Protein Synthesis
- 27.3 Protein Targeting and Degradation
- 28. Regulation of Gene Expression
- 28.1 The Proteins and RNAs of Gene Regulation
- 28.2 Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria
- 28.3 Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
- 24. Genes and Chromosomes