AP Chemistry In a Nutshell

1. Structure of the Atom

A Summary of Important Discoveries About the Atom, Dalton's Atomic Theory, Discovery of Atomic Particles, Atomic Models, Subatomic Particles, Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes, Atomic Mass and the Atomic Mass Unit (amu), Quantum Mechanical Model, Quantum Numbers, Electron Configuration

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2. The Periodic Table

A Summary of The Modern Periodic Table, Atomic Symbols, Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons, Isotopes and Radioactivity, Mass Spectrometry, Atomic Masses, Periodic Properties of the Elements, Physical Properties of the Elements, Metals and Metalloids, Allotropes, Variation of Physical Properties, Atomic Radii, Effective Nuclear Charge, Ionization Energy, Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES), Electron Affinity, Electronegativity, Metallic and Nonmetallic Character, Ionic Radii, Isoelectronic Species, Acid-Base Behavior of Oxides, Summary of Periodic Trends

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3. Ionic Compounds, Formulas, and Reactions

A summary of Ionic Compounds, Formulas, and Reactions: Chemical Formulas, Types of Formulas, Balancing Chemical Equations, Combustion Reaction Example, Double-Replacement Reactions, Reaction Types, Net Ionic Reactions, Half-Reactions and Redox, Ionic Bonding and Electron Configurations, Monatomic Ions, Transition Metals and Charges, Polyatomic Ions, Writing Ionic Formulas, Naming Ionic Compounds, Ionic Solids and Crystal Structures, Properties of Ionic Compounds

4. Covalent Compounds, Formulas, and Structures

A summary of Covalent Compounds, Formulas, and Structures: Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures, Drawing Lewis Structures, Electron-Deficient and Expanded Octets, Multiple Bonds and Resonance, Lewis Structures of Ions, Odd Electron Molecules (Free Radicals), Formal Charge, Bond Polarity and Electronegativity, Dipole Moment, Molecular Polarity, Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory, Effects of Lone Pairs, Hybridization, Sigma (σ) and Pi (π) Bonds, Molecular Orbitals (MO Theory)

5. Stoichiometry

A summary of Stoichiometry: Dimensional Analysis Method, Metric Units and Prefixes, Converting Complex Units, The Mole and Avogadro’s Constant, Molar Mass, Conversion Factors from Formulas, Conversion Factors from Balanced Equations, Molarity and Density as Conversion Factors, Stoichiometric Conversion Sequence, One-Substance Conversions, Two-Substance Conversions, Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, Chemical Equalities and Equivalences, Mole Relationships in Formulas, Mole Relationships in Equations, Concentration and Density, Gas Volume at STP, Calculations Involving One Substance, Calculations Involving Two Substances, Limiting-Reactant Calculations, Percent Yield, Empirical Formulas, Molecular Formulas, Titrations, Back Titration, Gravimetric Analysis, Gas Stoichiometry

6. Gases

A summary of Gases: Gas Laws Overview, Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, Gay-Lussac’s Law, Avogadro’s Principle, Ideal Gas Law, Using the Ideal Gas Law, Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP), Molar Mass Density and Molar Volume, Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT), Graham’s Law of Effusion, Diffusion vs. Effusion, Partial Pressure and Dalton’s Law, Collecting Gases Over Water, Real Gases and Deviations from Ideal Behavior, Van der Waals Equation

7. Liquids and Solids

A summary of Liquids and Solids: Comparison of Liquids and Solids to Gases, Dipole-Dipole Forces, London Dispersion Forces, Hydrogen Bonding, Summary of Attractive Forces, Surface Tension, Viscosity, Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, Boiling Point, Heat of Vaporization, Melting Point and Heat of Fusion, Types of Solids, Ionic Solids, Molecular Solids, Covalent Network Solids, Metallic Solids, Phase Changes, Heating Curves, Phase Diagrams

8. Solutions

A summary of Solutions: Introduction and Definitions, Solution Terminology, Solubility and the Solution Process, Dissolving Ionic Compounds, Dissolving Gases, Rates of Dissolution, Aqueous Solutions and Classification, Solubility Rules, Concentration Units, Preparing Dilutions, Colligative Properties, Vapor Pressure Lowering, Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression, Osmotic Pressure, Colloids and Suspensions 

9. Chemical Equilibrium

A summary of Chemical Equilibrium: Dynamic Equilibrium, The Equilibrium Expression, Types of Equilibrium Constants, Writing the Expression, Manipulating the Equilibrium Expression, Extent of Reaction and Favorability, Reaction Quotient (Q), Equilibrium Tables, Solving Equilibrium Problems, Le Châtelier’s Principle, Temperature Effects, Pressure and Volume Effects, Catalysts and Equilibrium, Applications of Equilibrium

10. Kinetics

A summary of Kinetics: Reaction Rates, Stoichiometry and Rates, Factors Affecting Reaction Rates, Rate Laws and Reaction Order, Determining Rate Laws, Example of Rate Law Calculation, Effect of Temperature (Arrhenius Equation), Zero-Order Reactions, First-Order Reactions, Second-Order Reactions, Reaction Mechanisms, Elementary Steps, Identifying the Rate-Determining Step, Catalysis

11. Thermodynamics

A summary of Thermodynamics: Systems and State Functions, Standard State and Sign Conventions, Forms of Energy, Specific Heat and Calorimetry, First Law of Thermodynamics, Enthalpy (ΔH), Hess’s Law, Standard Enthalpies of Formation, Bond Enthalpies, Entropy (S), Factors Affecting Entropy, Third Law of Thermodynamics, Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG), Free Energy and Equilibrium, Temperature and Spontaneity

12. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Electrochemistry

A summary of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Electrochemistry: Oxidation and Reduction, Oxidation Numbers, Oxidation Number Rules, Using Oxidation Numbers, Balancing Redox Reactions (Ion-Electron Method), Common Redox Reactions, Permanganate Reactions, Electrolysis, Electrochemical Cells (Voltaic/Galvanic), Cell Notation, Standard Electrode Potentials (E°), Using E° Values, Free Energy and Cell Potential, Nernst Equation, Electrolytic Cells

13. Acids and Bases

A summary of Acids and Bases: Acid–Base Theories, Acid and Base Nomenclature, Strong and Weak Acids, Strong and Weak Bases, Acidic and Basic Anhydrides, Neutralization Reactions, Polyprotic Acids, Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs, Autoionization of Water, pH and pOH, Ka and Kb, Ka and Kb Relationship, Salts and pH, Buffer Solutions, Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation, Titration Curves, Indicators

14. Experimental Chemistry

A summary of Experimental Chemistry: Data Gathering, Calculations, Accuracy and Precision, Significant Figures, Uncertainty, Rounding, Graphs, Measurement Techniques, Filtration and Separation, Chromatography, Distillation, Extraction, Titration Technique, Colorimetry, Drying and Heating, Laboratory Safety