Rucete ✏ Chemistry In a Nutshell
1. Alcohols (–OH group)
- General formula: ROH
- Functional group: Hydroxyl (-OH)
- Examples:
- Methanol: CH₃OH
- Ethanol: C₂H₅OH
2. Carboxylic Acids (–COOH group)
- General formula: RCOOH
- Functional group: Carboxyl
- Examples:
- Formic acid: HCOOH
- Acetic acid: CH₃COOH
3. Amides
- Structure: R–C(=O)–NR'R''
- Derived from carboxylic acids and amines
- Functional group contains carbonyl (C=O) bonded to nitrogen
4. Amines
- General formula: R–NH₂
- Act as organic bases
- Examples:
- Methylamine: CH₃NH₂
- Ethylamine: C₂H₅NH₂
5. Aldehydes
- General formula: RCHO
- Functional group: Carbonyl (C=O) at end of chain
- Examples:
- Formaldehyde: HCHO
- Acetaldehyde: CH₃CHO
6. Ketones
- General formula: RCOR'
- Functional group: Carbonyl (C=O) in the middle of the chain
- Examples:
- Acetone: CH₃COCH₃
- Methyl ethyl ketone: CH₃COC₂H₅
7. Esters
- General formula: RCOOR'
- Formed from carboxylic acids + alcohols
- Examples:
- Methyl formate: HCOOCH₃
- Ethyl acetate: CH₃COOC₂H₅
8. Ethers
- General formula: ROR'
- Formed from two alkyl groups joined by an oxygen atom
- Examples:
- Dimethyl ether: CH₃OCH₃
- Diethyl ether: C₂H₅OC₂H₅
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Chemistry in a nutshell