Rucete ✏ Chemistry In a Nutshell
1. Synthesis Reactions
General form:
A + B → AB
Examples:
- Metal + nonmetal → ionic compound
- Metallic oxide + CO₂ → metallic carbonate
- Nonmetallic oxide + H₂O → acid
- Metallic oxide + H₂O → base (metal hydroxide)
- Complex ions form when electron pair donor reacts with acceptor:
Al³⁺ + OH⁻ → [Al(OH)₄]⁻
2. Decomposition Reactions
General form:
AB → A + B
Examples:
- Metallic chlorates → metallic chlorides + O₂
- Metallic carbonates → metallic oxides + CO₂
- Hydrogen peroxide → H₂O + O₂
- Ammonium carbonate → NH₃ + H₂O + CO₂
- Hydrated salts → anhydride + H₂O
3. Single Displacement Reactions
General form:
A + BX → AX + B
Examples:
- More active metals displace less active metals
- Metals displace H⁺ from acids or water
- Halogens displace less reactive halide ions
4. Double Displacement Reactions
General form:
AX + BY → AY + BX
Examples:
- Precipitate formation (e.g., Pb²⁺ + I⁻ → PbI₂)
- Acid + carbonate → salt + CO₂ + H₂O
- Acid + base → salt + water
- Acid + sulfite → SO₂ + H₂O + salt
- Acid + sulfide → H₂S gas + salt
5. Combustion Reactions
General form:
Hydrocarbon + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O (+ SO₂ if sulfur is present)
Example:
CH₃OH + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O
6. Redox Reactions
- Involve electron transfer
- Example: Zn + Cu²⁺ → Zn²⁺ + Cu
7. Precipitation Reactions
- Soluble ions form insoluble solid (precipitate)
- Example: Ag⁺ + Cl⁻ → AgCl(s)
8. Complex Ion Formation
- Lewis bases (e.g., CN⁻, NH₃) donate electron pairs to metal cations
- Example: Ag⁺ + 2CN⁻ → [Ag(CN)₂]⁻
9. Acid–Base Reactions
- Strong acid + strong base → neutralization
- Weak acid + strong base → conjugate base + water
- Weak acid + weak base → conjugate acid + conjugate base
- Example: H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O
Tags:
Chemistry in a nutshell