Rucete ✏ Biology In a Nutshell
1. Divergent Evolution
- Occurs when a common ancestor gives rise to two or more different species.
- Often results from allopatric (geographic separation) or sympatric speciation.
- Example: Darwin’s finches evolving different beak shapes.
2. Convergent Evolution
- Unrelated species evolve similar traits independently.
- Usually occurs because of similar environmental pressures or ecological roles.
- Example: Wings of birds, bats, and insects.
3. Parallel Evolution
- Two related species evolve in similar ways after divergence from a common ancestor.
- Occurs when species live in similar environments and face similar selective pressures.
- Example: Marsupial and placental mammals developing similar body forms.
4. Coevolution
- Two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time.
- Involves reciprocal adaptations.
- Common in relationships like:
- Predator and prey
- Pollinator and flower
- Parasite and host
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Biology in a nutshell