Rucete ✏ Biology In a Nutshell
1. What Is Ecological Succession?
- Ecological succession is the natural, gradual process by which ecosystems change and develop over time.
- Involves a series of species replacing each other in an area until a stable, climax community is formed.
2. Primary Succession
- Occurs in areas where no life previously existed
- Begins on bare rock with no soil
- Examples: Volcanic islands, lava flows, and areas exposed by retreating glaciers
- Pioneer species (e.g., lichens, mosses) colonize first
- Over time, soil builds up and allows grasses, shrubs, and eventually trees to grow
- Ends with a climax community—a stable, mature ecosystem
3. Secondary Succession
- Occurs in areas where an existing ecosystem has been disturbed or destroyed, but soil remains intact
- Examples: Abandoned farmland, after forest fires, floods, or deforestation
- Happens faster than primary succession because soil and nutrients are already present
- Pioneer species are usually grasses and fast-growing plants, followed by shrubs and trees
- Eventually leads to a climax community
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Biology in a nutshell