Rucete ✏ Campbell Biology In a Nutshell
Unit 1 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE — Concept 5.6 Genomics and Proteomics Have Transformed Biological Inquiry and Applications — Practice Questions
(Multiple Choice — Click to Reveal Answer)
1. What is genomics the study of?
- Single genes only
- Proteins in cells
- Whole sets of genes and their interactions
- Only inherited diseases
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3. Whole sets of genes and their interactions
2. What is proteomics the study of?
- DNA replication
- The complete set of proteins in a cell or organism
- Genetic mutations
- Chromosome structure
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2. The complete set of proteins in a cell or organism
3. What do biologists use to study whole sets of genes?
- Microscopes
- DNA ligase
- Genomics
- Proteomics
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3. Genomics
4. What technological advancement allowed genomics to grow rapidly?
- RNA vaccines
- Gene therapy
- High-throughput sequencing
- Protein crystallization
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3. High-throughput sequencing
5. What is bioinformatics?
- The study of animal behavior
- Analysis of biological data using computers
- Protein folding experiments
- The use of microscopes in biology
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2. Analysis of biological data using computers
6. What does the term “genome” refer to?
- All the chromosomes in one cell
- All proteins in a species
- The complete set of an organism’s genetic material
- Only the DNA of mitochondria
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3. The complete set of an organism’s genetic material
7. What field helps interpret vast amounts of DNA sequencing data?
- Botany
- Ecology
- Bioinformatics
- Geology
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3. Bioinformatics
8. What is the ultimate goal of studying genomes and proteomes?
- To observe cell shapes
- To eliminate all diseases
- To understand biological systems and their functions
- To change evolution
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3. To understand biological systems and their functions
9. Which of the following is a product of genomics research?
- Electron microscopes
- CRISPR gene editing
- Vaccine delivery
- RNA folding
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2. CRISPR gene editing
10. What is a proteome?
- The complete set of DNA
- The proteins expressed by a genome, cell, or tissue
- RNA code for translation
- A database of enzymes
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2. The proteins expressed by a genome, cell, or tissue
11. What do scientists use to study proteomes?
- Microscopes
- Protein gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry
- DNA polymerase
- RNA primers
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2. Protein gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry
12. What does “systems biology” aim to study?
- Just one protein at a time
- Cell shape under a microscope
- Complex interactions within biological systems
- Only genetic disorders
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3. Complex interactions within biological systems
13. Which of the following best describes the Human Genome Project?
- A study of viral genomes
- An effort to sequence the entire human genome
- An experiment in protein folding
- A project for developing vaccines
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2. An effort to sequence the entire human genome
14. What role does gene annotation play in genomics?
- Coloring DNA strands
- Naming species
- Identifying and labeling functional elements in DNA sequences
- Writing proteins in code
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3. Identifying and labeling functional elements in DNA sequences
15. Which tool allows scientists to compare genes across different species?
- Dissecting microscope
- Mass spectrometer
- Bioinformatics database
- Greenhouse
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3. Bioinformatics database
16. Which term describes a project that compares genomes across multiple species?
- Transcription study
- Comparative genomics
- Protein folding
- Cell imaging
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2. Comparative genomics
17. What is the name of the entire set of RNA molecules in a cell?
- Genome
- Proteome
- Transcriptome
- Polypeptidome
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3. Transcriptome
18. Which of the following best describes systems biology?
- Focuses only on enzymes
- Analyzes interactions among many parts of a biological system
- Studies fossils and geological records
- Draws DNA sequences by hand
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2. Analyzes interactions among many parts of a biological system
19. Which molecule is most directly analyzed in proteomics?
- DNA
- RNA
- Proteins
- Fats
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3. Proteins
20. What is the primary challenge of proteomics compared to genomics?
- Proteins are easier to sequence
- Proteins are not important in cells
- Protein structure and expression are more complex and variable
- Proteins never change
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3. Protein structure and expression are more complex and variable
21. What is the value of proteomics in medicine?
- Predicting tectonic shifts
- Understanding genetic code
- Identifying disease-related protein changes
- Reading RNA base pairs
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3. Identifying disease-related protein changes
22. What does a systems biology approach often involve?
- Isolating one gene at a time
- Modeling dynamic interactions of many components
- Ignoring computational tools
- Observing fossils
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2. Modeling dynamic interactions of many components
23. Which kind of data is most crucial for bioinformatics?
- Handwritten notes
- High-throughput sequence data
- Plant images
- Microscope slides
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2. High-throughput sequence data
24. How does bioinformatics support systems biology?
- By providing microscopes
- By offering computer-based tools to analyze complex biological data
- By synthesizing proteins
- By cloning organisms
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2. By offering computer-based tools to analyze complex biological data
25. What kind of applications has genomics enabled?
- Genome-based medicine and personalized therapy
- Studying plant behavior at night
- Designing microscopes
- Increasing atmospheric oxygen
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1. Genome-based medicine and personalized therapy
26. Why is the proteome typically larger and more complex than the genome?
- There are more genes than proteins
- Each gene only makes one protein
- Alternative splicing and post-translational modifications create many proteins from a single gene
- Proteins do not vary across cell types
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3. Alternative splicing and post-translational modifications create many proteins from a single gene
27. What is the significance of comparative genomics?
- To identify ancient fossils
- To compare protein shapes
- To understand evolutionary relationships and conserved genes
- To replicate plant genomes
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3. To understand evolutionary relationships and conserved genes
28. In systems biology, what does a "network model" typically represent?
- The number of genes in an organism
- The location of ribosomes
- The interactions between genes, proteins, and other molecules
- A collection of microscopes
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3. The interactions between genes, proteins, and other molecules
29. What is one key benefit of high-throughput sequencing technologies?
- They remove proteins from cells
- They allow rapid sequencing of entire genomes
- They fold RNA molecules
- They label amino acids
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2. They allow rapid sequencing of entire genomes
30. How can proteomics contribute to cancer research?
- By sequencing bacterial DNA
- By identifying protein expression patterns unique to cancer cells
- By deleting genes from tumors
- By preventing transcription
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2. By identifying protein expression patterns unique to cancer cells
31. What does it mean for a gene to be “annotated” in a genome database?
- It has been deleted from the genome
- Its function and structure have been identified and labeled
- It is highlighted with a color
- It is expressed only in bacteria
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2. Its function and structure have been identified and labeled
32. Why is proteomics more difficult than genomics?
- Proteins are shorter
- Proteins do not have base pairs
- Protein expression varies by cell type, time, and environment
- Protein sequences are fixed in all organisms
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3. Protein expression varies by cell type, time, and environment
33. What is the role of mass spectrometry in proteomics?
- To visualize chromosomes
- To break down lipids
- To identify proteins based on mass and charge
- To separate DNA strands
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3. To identify proteins based on mass and charge
34. What characteristic of eukaryotic genes allows one gene to produce multiple proteins?
- Multiple ribosomes
- Gene duplication
- Alternative RNA splicing
- Shorter genes
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3. Alternative RNA splicing
35. What is an example of how bioinformatics tools assist in functional genomics?
- Editing genes manually
- Designing synthetic cells
- Predicting protein functions based on sequence comparisons
- Constructing microscopes for DNA imaging
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3. Predicting protein functions based on sequence comparisons
36. Define genomics and explain its central goal.
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Genomics is the study of entire genomes, including their structure, function, evolution, and mapping. Its goal is to understand all the genetic material in an organism and how genes interact.
37. What is the difference between genomics and proteomics?
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Genomics studies the complete set of genes (DNA), while proteomics studies the full set of proteins expressed by the genome in a specific context.
38. What role does high-throughput sequencing play in genomics?
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It allows rapid sequencing of entire genomes, making it possible to analyze large-scale genetic data efficiently.
39. What is bioinformatics, and how does it support genomics?
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Bioinformatics uses computational tools to store, analyze, and interpret biological data, helping scientists make sense of large-scale genome sequences.
40. Explain what a “genome annotation” involves.
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It involves identifying functional elements (like genes, regulatory sequences, etc.) in a genome and assigning information about their structure and role.
41. What is the Human Genome Project and why was it important?
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The Human Genome Project was an international effort to sequence the entire human genome, providing a reference for human genetic research and medicine.
42. How does proteomics help scientists understand the function of cells?
Show Answer
Proteomics reveals which proteins are present, how they interact, and how their expression changes under different conditions, giving insight into cell behavior.
43. Why is the proteome larger than the genome?
Show Answer
Because a single gene can produce multiple proteins through alternative splicing and post-translational modifications.
44. Describe one medical application of proteomics.
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Proteomics can identify protein biomarkers linked to diseases, aiding in diagnosis, prognosis, and development of targeted therapies.
45. What does a systems biology approach attempt to model?
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It attempts to model and understand the dynamic interactions among genes, proteins, and other molecules in biological systems.
46. How does comparative genomics help in understanding evolution?
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By comparing genomes of different species, scientists can identify conserved genes and evolutionary changes over time.
47. What is the transcriptome, and how does it relate to the proteome?
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The transcriptome is the complete set of RNA transcripts in a cell; it provides the template that determines the proteins produced in the proteome.
48. Why is proteomics considered more complex than genomics?
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Because protein expression varies by cell type, time, and environmental conditions, and proteins undergo modifications not found in DNA.
49. What is one challenge in interpreting proteomic data?
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The sheer diversity and dynamic nature of proteins make it difficult to identify, quantify, and understand their interactions and modifications.
50. How can bioinformatics help predict protein function?
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By comparing unknown sequences to known genes and proteins, bioinformatics can infer likely structure and function based on similarity.